This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th China National Conference on Big Data and Social Computing, BDSC 2025, held in Kunming, China, during August 15–17, 2025. The 40 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 140 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Digital Society Construction and Governance; Modelling and Simulation of Social Systems; Internet Intelligent Algorithm Governance; Social Network and Group Behavior; Innovation, Risks, and Security of Large Language Models; Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science; Applications of Large Language Models in Societal Contexts and Social Geography and Urban Computing.